Coming soonCannabis EducationCannabis Education at the Institute: a professional course and a free public program.Register your interest

Not-for-profit research & education institute · Cassowary Coast, Far North Queensland

DonateContactConfidential Reporting

Crest of the Australian Institute of Pharmacognosy Australian Institute of PharmacognosyAustralian Research & Education

Ginkgo leaf

By the Australian Institute of Pharmacognosy

Australian Herbal Pharmacopoeia

70 min read

Ginkgo leaf — Australian Institute of Pharmacognosy
In this article
  1. 0. Free teaser
  2. 1. Nomenclature
  3. 2. Definition
  4. 3. Source and Australian supply
  5. 4. Macroscopy
  6. 5. Microscopy
  7. 6. Chemistry
  8. 7. Named markers and assay limits
  9. 8. TLC fingerprint
  10. 9. HPLC fingerprint
  11. 10. Identity, purity, adulterants and contaminants
  12. 11. Traditional use
  13. 12. Current practice: use, preparations and doses
  14. 13. Clinical evidence
  15. 14. Pharmacology
  16. 15. Safety
  17. 16. Discussion
  18. 17. Conclusions
  19. 18. Research still needed
  20. 19. References
  21. 20. Document control
Share this articleFacebookXLinkedInWhatsApp

AIP-PH-GINBIL (formerly AIP-HP 006) · Version 1.0 · First published 2026 · Last modified 2026 · Version history · Report an error

Ginkgo leaf (Ginkgo biloba L.), Ginkgoaceae

Australian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (working title), Monograph AIP-PH-GINBIL (formerly AIP-HP 006)
Status: version 1.0, live at https://www.australian-pharmacognosy.org/pharmacopoeia/ginkgo-biloba/, all reviews and the pre-publication final test on record. Published at first draft under the CEO’s order. Botanical, QA and Medicine technical reviews and the Education and Research evidence and citation audit done in 2026; Community Outreach layout review done in 2026; not reviewed by Legal.
Date: 2026. Next review: on sign-off, then three-yearly or sooner if a major trial, safety signal or new pharmacopoeial text appears.
Prepared by: the Australian Institute of Pharmacognosy, Far North Queensland, Australia. Every author and contributor is named at the end of the monograph.
Contributors: Dr Thomas Ridley (library and literature search, full-text retrieval, registry and regulatory instrument search, synthesis, drafting, figure sourcing and placement, AIP schematics and charts, reference verification). Dr Fiona MacAllister, Head of Botanical (technical review of sections 1-5 and the adulterants in section 10, 2026). Dr Hana Suzuki, Head of Botanical QA (technical review of sections 6-10 and figures F6-F8, 2026). Dr Eleanor Whitcombe, Head of Medicine (technical review of sections 12, 13 and 15 and figures F10 and F10b, 2026). Jesse Kirby, Head of Community Outreach (figure placement, captions, credit lines and page layout, 2026). Dr Luke Iggulden, Chief Scientific Officer, is senior author: he set the scope of the series in the CEO directive and made the research possible.

0. Free teaser

0.1 Identity card
Monograph AIP-PH-GINBIL (formerly AIP-HP 006), Ginkgo leaf. Version 1.0, 23/09/2026. Next review: on sign-off
Accepted name Ginkgo biloba L., Ginkgoaceae (a gymnosperm; sole living species of the order Ginkgoales). First published in Linnaeus, Mantissa Plantarum Altera 313 (1771) (IPNI 262125-1) [57]. Accepted in WCVP (release of 16/09/2026, read in September 2026 through ChecklistBank dataset 2000), the dataset behind Plants of the World Online; the POWO page itself refused automated access in September 2026 [1]
Synonyms Salisburia adiantifolia Sm., Salisburia biloba (L.) Hoffmanns., Salisburia ginkgo Rich., Pterophyllus salisburiensis J.Nelson, Salisburia macrophylla Reyn., Ginkgo macrophylla K.Koch, and many cultivar-level names (WCVP) [1]; WHO gives Salisburia macrophylla with the authority "C. Koch" [4]. TGA (Permissible Ingredients) and MediHerb both use Ginkgo biloba, the accepted name [8,9]
Drug name Ginkgonis folium (Ph. Eur. 1828, Ginkgo leaf: whole or fragmented dried leaf) [3]; WHO title Folium Ginkgo [4]; EMA/HMPC Ginkgo biloba L., folium [5]
Common names Ginkgo, maidenhair tree (English); Ginkgoblätter (German); arbre aux quarante écus (French); yin xing, yinhsing, bai guo (seed) (Chinese); icho, ginnan (Japanese); eun-haeng (Korean) [4,7]
Pharmacopoeial status Ph. Eur.: 1828 Ginkgo leaf (text 01/2011) and 1827 Ginkgo dry extract, refined and quantified (text 04/2008), read in the Ph. Eur. 8.0 library copy [3,6]. WHO monographs vol. 1 (1999): yes [4]. EMA/HMPC: EU herbal monograph 2015, well-established use (refined extract) and traditional use (powdered leaf) [5]. USP-NF: Powdered Ginkgo Extract monograph, named in the Australian Permissible Ingredients Determination [9]. Mills and Bone record the leaf as official in the BP 2012 and USP 34-NF 29 [7]
Australian status Permitted in listed medicines: Therapeutic Goods (Permissible Ingredients) Determination (No. 2) 2026, Schedule 1 item 2357, GINKGO BILOBA, purposes A, E, H; a leaf extract must comply with Identification Test B of the USP 32-NF 27 monograph Powdered Ginkgo Extract (does not apply to powdered or dried leaf) [9]. No entry in the Poisons Standard June 2026 [10] or the Medicines Advisory Statements Specification 2021 [11]. Not native; 36 Atlas of Living Australia records, all planted or herbarium material, one in Queensland [17]. Not a declared invasive plant in Queensland [20]. Not CITES-listed [12]
Assay marker Flavonoids, expressed as flavone glycosides (Mr 757): not less than 0.5% in the dried leaf (Ph. Eur. 1828, HPLC after acid hydrolysis to quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin) [3]
Extract specification Refined and quantified dry extract (Ph. Eur. 1827): flavone glycosides 22.0-27.0%, bilobalide 2.6-3.2%, ginkgolides A+B+C 2.8-3.4%, ginkgolic acids not more than 5 ppm (dried extract) [6]
Safety marker Ginkgolic acids (CID 5281858 for the C15:1 homologue), upper limit 5 ppm in refined extract [6]; no limit is set for the leaf
Evidence snapshot Dementia (Alzheimer, vascular, mixed), refined extract 240 mg/day: Tier B, 13+ RCTs in four syntheses that disagree, low certainty. Dementia with neuropsychiatric symptoms: Tier B, 4 RCTs (n=1,628), all manufacturer-run. Prevention of dementia or cognitive decline in older people: Tier A for no benefit, 1 large RCT (n=3,069). Tinnitus: Tier C, 12 RCTs, no clear benefit. Intermittent claudication: Tier B, 14 RCTs, no clinically significant benefit. Altitude sickness prevention: Tier B, no benefit. Acute stroke, macular degeneration: Tier C. Traditional leaf uses: little documented (Tier T)
Main safety point Mild gastrointestinal upset, headache and allergic skin reactions; bleeding events are reported in case series with causality unresolved, so caution with anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, bleeding disorders and surgery; the EMA contraindicates use in pregnancy. The crude leaf and simple tinctures contain allergenic ginkgolic acids that the refined extract removes. The seed (nut) is a separate drug with a neurotoxin
Suggested citation Ridley T, Iggulden L. Ginkgonis folium (ginkgo leaf, Ginkgo biloba L.). Australian Herbal Pharmacopoeia monograph AIP-PH-GINBIL (v1.0). Cardwell (QLD): Australian Institute of Pharmacognosy; 2026. DOI to be assigned
Compiler and review Compiled by Dr Thomas Ridley (Education and Research). Technical review: Dr Fiona MacAllister (Botanical, sections 1-5, 10), reviewed in 2026; Dr Hana Suzuki (QA, sections 6-10), reviewed in 2026; Dr Eleanor Whitcombe (Medicine, sections 12, 13, 15), reviewed in 2026; Dr Thomas Ridley (Education and Research, evidence and citation audit, sections 0-20 and figures), reviewed in 2026 (the audit is by the compiler, so the Librarian audit of section 19 is the independent reference check); Jesse Kirby (Community Outreach, figure placement, captions and page layout, whole document), reviewed in 2026. Published: 2026. Last modified: 2026. Version 1.0
Provenance Original AIP data: none. Every limit, method, measurement and trial result comes from the cited pharmacopoeias, regulators, reference works and papers; sections 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10 are marked "AIP bench data pending"
Canonical URL /pharmacopoeia/ginkgo-biloba/
Figure 1. Ginkgo biloba in leaf, Ponferrada, León, Spain, 17/05/2018. Photo Fernando Losada Rodríguez, CC BY-SA 4.0, Wik
Figure 1. Ginkgo biloba in leaf, Ponferrada, León, Spain, 17/05/2018. Photo Fernando Losada Rodríguez, CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons (ref 21). Not a vouchered specimen

0.2 Summary

Ginkgo leaf is the dried fan-shaped leaf of Ginkgo biloba, a deciduous gymnosperm tree whose only wild stands are in eastern China and which is planted as a street tree across the temperate world, including southern Australia. The leaf is recognised by its bilobed, fan-shaped blade with forked, parallel veins; under the microscope it shows sinuous upper epidermal cells, a papillose lower epidermis with deeply sunken stomata and cluster crystals of calcium oxalate beside the veins. The European Pharmacopoeia identifies it by a flavonoid TLC pattern against rutin and chlorogenic acid and assays at least 0.5 per cent flavonoids. Almost all clinical work used refined acetone-water extracts (50:1) standardised to 22-27 per cent flavone glycosides and about 6 per cent terpene lactones, with ginkgolic acids held below 5 ppm. Trials in dementia disagree: several meta-analyses favour 240 mg a day of one extract, while a Cochrane review found the evidence inconsistent, and a 3,069-person prevention trial found no effect on new dementia. Trials in tinnitus, claudication and altitude sickness have not shown a useful benefit (low or very low certainty). Adulteration of extracts with rutin, quercetin or sophora fruit is documented. The main safety concerns are bleeding with blood-thinning drugs, pregnancy and a few interactions. Anyone considering it should consult a degree-qualified herbalist with competencies and adequate training in pharmacognosy.

0.3 Contents and extent (draft)

Section Approx. pages
1-3 Nomenclature, definition, source and Australian supply (1 map) 3
4-5 Macroscopy and microscopy (8 figures) 4
6-7 Chemistry, markers and limits (11 structures) 3
8-9 TLC and HPLC (1 schematic, 2 published chromatograms) 3
10 Identity, purity, adulterants, contaminants 2
11 Traditional use (1 historical figure) 1
12 Current practice and doses 1.5
13 Clinical evidence (search, graded trials, registries, 1 evidence chart) 5
14 Pharmacology 1.5
15 Safety, interactions, pregnancy (1 chart) 3
16-18 Discussion, conclusions, research needed 2
19-20 References and document control 4
Totals (draft) about @@PAGES@@ A4 pages as rendered; 17 tables; 27 embedded figures (4 licensed photographs, 3 licensed photomicrographs, 2 public-domain plates, 1 licensed herbarium sheet, 11 PubChem structures, 2 published CC BY chromatograms, 2 AIP schematics each labelled "schematic redrawn", 1 AIP map, 2 AIP data charts); 3 photomicrographs (licensed, none AIP); 2 chromatograms (published, refs 28-29). Gaps: AIP photomicrographs, AIP TLC plate and AIP HPLC run are bench data pending; no licensed TLC plate photograph was found, so F7 is a schematic. Trials: 8 systematic reviews and 6 individual RCTs graded, each with a RoB 2 call confirmed at Medicine review. Registry gaps: ANZCTR and WHO ICTRP hand searches and a DAEN hand search are still to do. 60 references: 1-54 read in full text, except ref 40 (abstract and author page only) and the method papers 35, 52 and 53 (cited for their methods, full text not held); 55-58 added at Botanical review (55 checked by its DOI record only); 59 added at QA review (library copy read); 60 added at Medicine review (TGA page read)

0.4 Contributors and access

Prepared by the Australian Institute of Pharmacognosy. Botanical review by Dr Fiona MacAllister, Head of Botanical (sections 1-5 and the adulterant part of 10), done 23/09/2026; QA review by Dr Hana Suzuki, Head of Botanical QA (sections 6-10), done 23/09/2026; Medicine review by Dr Eleanor Whitcombe, Head of Medicine (sections 12, 13 and 15), done 23/09/2026; Education and Research evidence and citation audit by Dr Thomas Ridley, done 23/09/2026; the Librarian reference audit is pending; A Legal read is advisory only and does not gate publication (CEO order 22/09/2026). The Australian Herbal Pharmacopoeia is AIP’s own series and carries no statutory, TGA or government standing. A preview of the monograph and all of section 15 (Safety) are free to every reader; the full text is for Scholar members and above, or the AUD $20 copy of this one title.

1. Nomenclature

  • Accepted name: Ginkgo biloba L., accepted in the World Checklist of Vascular Plants release of 16/09/2026, read in September 2026 through ChecklistBank (dataset 2000; IPNI 262125-1) [1]. WCVP is the checklist Plants of the World Online (Kew) displays; the POWO web page returned a bot challenge on 23/09/2026, so the name was read from the WCVP data release and the IPNI record, which flags the name as present in POWO [1,57]. Place of publication: Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. Altera 313 (October 1771); the type locality given is "Japon" [57]. The Catalogue of Life release of 11/09/2026 gives the same accepted name [16]. The pharmacopoeial drug is defined at species level [3].
  • Synonyms (WCVP): Salisburia adiantifolia Sm., Salisburia biloba (L.) Hoffmanns., Salisburia ginkgo Rich., Salisburia macrophylla Reyn., Pterophyllus salisburiensis J.Nelson and Ginkgo macrophylla K.Koch [1]. WCVP counts four homotypic synonyms (Pterophyllus salisburiensis, Salisburia adiantifolia, S. biloba, S. ginkgo) and 33 heterotypic ones, most of them varietal, form or cultivar-level names for horticultural selections (for example var. pendula, f. fastigiata, var. epiphylla), all sunk into the species [1]. WHO lists Pterophyllus salisburiensis, Salisburia adiantifolia and Salisburia macrophylla "C. Koch"; WCVP attributes Salisburia macrophylla to Reynier, and the WCVP authority is used here [1,4]. The TGA Permissible Ingredients Determination lists the species as GINKGO BILOBA [9] and MediHerb as Ginkgo biloba [8]; neither uses an outdated name.
  • Family and rank: Ginkgoaceae, order Ginkgoales, a gymnosperm and the only living member of its order [4,13]. APG IV classifies flowering plants only, so it does not place this species; the family and order follow the gymnosperm classification of Christenhusz et al. 2011 [58], and WCVP gives the same family [1]. No recent family change.
  • Common names: ginkgo, maidenhair tree, kew tree, temple balm; yin guo, yinhsing (Chinese); icho, ityo, gin-nan (Japanese); eun-haeng (Korean) [4]; Ginkgoblätter (German), arbre aux quarante écus (French) [7]. The EMA gives the drug name in the EU languages, for example Ginkgo leaf, Ginkgoblätter, Ginkgo (feuille de) [5].
  • Drug name and state: Ginkgonis folium, the whole or fragmented dried leaf [3]. This monograph covers the dried leaf and gives the refined extract (Ph. Eur. 1827 [6]) as the preparation almost all trials used.
  • Trade names in Australia: MediHerb "Ginkgo Biloba 2:1 Standardised", botanical name Ginkgo biloba, part "Leaf" [8]. MediHerb tablets naming ginkgo on the 2026 stockist listing: Ginkgo Forte, Horsechestnut Complex, PulmaCo and Tissue Regenex (A-Z work list item 70); current label compositions not checked for this draft.
  • Name confusion: the seed ("nut", Chinese bai guo) is a separate drug with different chemistry and a neurotoxin (section 15) [2,7]. "Maidenhair" also names the fern Adiantum; the species name adiantifolia refers to that likeness.

2. Definition

The whole or fragmented, dried leaf of Ginkgo biloba L., containing not less than 0.5 per cent of flavonoids, expressed as flavone glycosides (Mr 757), calculated with reference to the dried drug.

Basis: Ph. Eur. monograph 1828, text 01/2011, as printed in the library’s Ph. Eur. 8.0 [3]. The WHO monograph sets the same figure (not less than 0.5% flavonol glycosides, or 0.2-0.4% as aglycones) and records ginkgolides at 0.06-0.23% and bilobalide up to 0.26% of the leaf without setting limits for them [4]. No terpene-lactone or ginkgolic-acid limit is set for the leaf itself; both are controlled only in the refined extract (Ph. Eur. 1827, section 7) [6]. QA is asked to confirm the text against the Ph. Eur. edition in force before release.

Free to every reader. The safety section of every monograph is open to everyone, signed in or not. In an emergency call 000. For poisoning, call the Poisons Information Centre on 13 11 26.

15. Safety

15.1 Adverse effects in trials and surveillance

  • EMA (well-established use): very common headache; common dizziness, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting; frequency not known for bleeding of individual organs (eye, nose, cerebral, gastrointestinal), hypersensitivity reactions including allergic shock, and allergic skin reactions (erythema, oedema, itching, rash) [5].
  • Cochrane dementia review: no significant difference from placebo in the proportion with adverse events [36]; Weinmann et al.: drop-outs and side effects did not differ [37].
  • Mills and Bone: 0.5% of 9,772 patients in 44 trials reported adverse events; German authorities had 185 reports by 2002 for all ginkgo-containing preparations [7].
  • WHO: headaches, gastrointestinal disturbances and allergic skin reactions are possible [4].

15.2 Bleeding

Bent et al. assessed 15 published case reports of bleeding temporally associated with ginkgo, including 8 intracranial bleeds; 13 had other bleeding risk factors, 6 clearly showed no recurrence after stopping, and bleeding times were raised in 3; they judged a causal association possible [49]. The GEM trial (3,069 people, median 6.1 years) found no difference in major bleeding (138 vs 140 events; HR 0.97, 0.77-1.23), including among aspirin users; it excluded people taking warfarin or with a history of bleeding disorders, and starting warfarin during the trial meant stopping the study medicine [41]. The Cochrane tinnitus review found little or no difference in bleeding (low certainty) [43]. Mills and Bone judge the bleeding risk overstated and cite several interaction trials with aspirin and warfarin that showed no effect [7]; the EMA lists bleeding of individual organs as an adverse reaction of unknown frequency and advises caution [5]. The evidence on causation is conflicting. Grade (Medicine, 23/09/2026): in older people not taking anticoagulants, moderate-certainty RCT evidence shows no increase in major bleeding with 240 mg a day of refined extract (Tier A, no increase) [41]. For people on anticoagulants, with bleeding disorders or around surgery there are no outcome trials; the caution rests on case reports with possible causality [49] and on regulatory advice [5] (Tier C).

15.3 Herb-drug interactions (each graded)

Drug Finding Grade Source
Warfarin, phenprocoumon No change in INR, platelet aggregation or warfarin kinetics after 7 days of EGb 761 in 12 healthy men (Sydney) [50]; Mills and Bone cite trials in stable patients with the same result [7]; EMA still advises monitoring when starting, changing or stopping ginkgo or changing product [5] Pharmacokinetic study, randomised crossover (no effect); regulatory caution [50,5,7]
Aspirin, clopidogrel, NSAIDs No added effect on bleeding time or platelet function with aspirin in trials; the EMA says antiplatelet effects "may be influenced" Clinical studies (no effect); regulatory caution [7,5]
Cilostazol Single-dose study: bleeding time prolongation extended; no change in platelet aggregation Pharmacodynamic study [7]
Efavirenz Plasma efavirenz may fall, attributed to CYP3A4 induction; the EMA says the combination is not recommended Regulatory warning; the primary report behind it has not been read for this draft [5]
Dabigatran and other intestinal P-gp substrates Talinolol study suggests intestinal P-gp inhibition; caution Pharmacokinetic study, extrapolated [5]
Nifedipine Cmax raised, by up to 100% in some people, with dizziness and worse hot flushes Pharmacokinetic study (as reported by the EMA) [5]
Omeprazole and other CYP2C19 substrates Induction reported in one genotype-dependent study; no relevant effect in the 2012 cocktail study Conflicting pharmacokinetic studies [7,51]
Anticonvulsants Seizure case reports; possible lowering of drug levels; caution in epilepsy Case reports; theoretical [5,7]
Trazodone Coma in one older patient on several drugs; causation not shown Single case report [7]

15.4 Contraindications and precautions (each with source and grade)

  • Known hypersensitivity to ginkgo preparations: contraindication [4,5,8] (regulatory).
  • Pregnancy: contraindicated by the EMA for the well-established extract because of possible effects on platelet function and inadequate reproductive toxicity data [5] (regulatory; animal data conflicting).
  • Bleeding disorders, anticoagulant or antiplatelet treatment: use only with professional supervision and monitoring [5,7] (regulatory; case reports).
  • Surgery: stop 3-4 days before (EMA) [5] or 5-7 days before (Mills and Bone) [7]; MediHerb says 7 days before general anaesthesia [8] (regulatory and practitioner advice; no trial data). Medicine view: 7 days covers all three sources and costs the patient little.
  • Epilepsy: further seizures cannot be excluded [5]; caution in patients controlled by medication [7] (case reports).
  • Allergy to Anacardiaceae (cashew, mango, poison ivy): possible cross-reactivity with ginkgolic acids in extracts that exceed the limit [7] (theoretical).

15.5 Pregnancy and lactation

EMA: refined extract contraindicated in pregnancy (well-established use) because it may impair platelet aggregation and the animal reproductive data are insufficient; powdered leaf (traditional use) not recommended in pregnancy or lactation; extract not recommended in lactation because excretion in milk is unknown; one study in female mice found effects on fertility [5] (regulatory). Mills and Bone place ginkgo in category B1 and report no teratogenicity in rats and rabbits at high doses, a positive malformation finding in mice at 100 mg/kg, and advise avoiding use while breastfeeding until more data exist [7] (reference-text judgement; B1 here is the authors’ own classification using the Australian scheme and is not a category assigned by the TGA). MediHerb suggests professional supervision in pregnancy and lactation [8]. WHO: safety in pregnancy and lactation not established [4]. No human pregnancy outcome studies were found. Grade: animal data only, and conflicting; no human pregnancy outcome data, so safety is not shown. Medicine decision (23/09/2026): avoid in pregnancy and while breastfeeding, following the EMA. The platelet effect also matters at delivery.

15.6 Children and older people

EMA: no relevant indication for under-18s for the extract; traditional use not recommended under 18 [5]. Most trial participants were older adults, and the GEM trial ran in people aged 75 and over [41].

15.7 Toxicology, overdose and the seed

  • No human overdose of leaf extract reported [5]. Chronic toxicity in rats and dogs over 6 months showed low toxicity only at the highest dose in dogs [5]. Rodent carcinogenicity and genotoxicity: section 14 [26].
  • Seed: ginkgotoxin (4′-O-methylpyridoxine), a vitamin B6 antagonist, causes vomiting, seizures and sometimes death after eating many seeds, mostly in young children; intravenous vitamin B6 is used in treatment [7]. The leaf contains traces; the highest daily dose from medicinal preparations tested was 60 µg, and ginkgotoxin was below detection in plasma after normal doses [7].
  • Ginkgolic acids: contact allergens in the fruit pulp; limited to 5 ppm in refined extract [6,7].

15.8 TGA safety communications

No Poisons Standard or advisory-statement entry exists for ginkgo [10,11]. TGA safety alerts (read in September 2026 by Medicine): one ginkgo alert, "Composition of Gingko biloba products" (published 02/10/2009), about quality rather than a clinical signal. TGA tested 22 batches of 20 listed products and some ginkgo extract raw materials and found raised quercetin and rutin in some samples; the TGA said it was working with its expert committees and industry to refine the quality standard for ginkgo extracts [60]. This fits the adulteration evidence in section 10 and the USP identification requirement in the Permissible Ingredients Determination [9]. No TGA safety alert about bleeding, interactions or other harm from ginkgo was found. DAEN (medicines): the search was attempted in September 2026, but the DAEN medicines search is an interactive application that could not be queried automatically, so no case counts are reported here. A hand search of DAEN for "ginkgo" (all reports, all dates) must be done and recorded here before release.

15.9 Referral

Anyone who takes anticoagulant or antiplatelet medicines, has a bleeding disorder or epilepsy, is pregnant or breastfeeding, or is facing surgery should consult a degree-qualified herbalist with competencies and adequate training in pharmacognosy before using ginkgo.

Inside the typeset monograph

Page 1 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 2 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 2 · in the full monograph
Page 4 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 5 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 5 · in the full monograph
Page 6 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 8 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 8 · in the full monograph
Page 10 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 10 · in the full monograph
Page 12 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 12 · in the full monograph
Page 14 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 14 · in the full monograph
Page 16 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 16 · in the full monograph
Page 18 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 18 · in the full monograph
Page 20 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 20 · in the full monograph
Page 22 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 22 · in the full monograph
Page 23 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 25 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 27 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 29 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 30 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 31 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 32 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 34 of Ginkgo leaf
Page 1 of 37

Tap a page to open it big enough to read.

11 pages read at full size, the safety section among them. The pages shown small are in the full monograph.

  • 37 pages, read in the AIP Reader
  • Version 1.0
  • Licence personal, for life, one screen at a time

AUD $20this monograph in full, in the AIP Reader

The preview and the safety section are free, with no account and no sign-in. The microscopy, the chemistry, the TLC and HPLC fingerprints and the rest read in the AIP Reader, on this AUD $20 licence or a Scholar membership.

Your library →

24 more pages follow · 12,066 words, 26 figures, 14 tables

Still to come in this monograph

  1. 3. Source and Australian supply
  2. 4. Macroscopy
  3. 5. Microscopy
  4. 6. Chemistry
  5. 7. Named markers and assay limits
  6. 8. TLC fingerprint
  7. 9. HPLC fingerprint
  8. 10. Identity, purity, adulterants and contaminants
  9. 11. Traditional use
  10. 12. Current practice: use, preparations and doses
  11. 13. Clinical evidence
  12. 14. Pharmacology
  13. 16. Discussion
  14. 17. Conclusions
  15. 18. Research still needed
  16. 19. References
  17. 20. Document control

The rest of this monograph reads in the AIP Reader: every page in your name, always the current version, on a Scholar membership or the AUD $20 copy of this one title.

Checking your membership…

Share this articleFacebookXLinkedInWhatsApp

Report an error or submit evidence

If something in this monograph is wrong, out of date or missing, tell us and show us the evidence. Every report is logged under the AIP Evidence Charter and assessed on the evidence alone; the outcome is kept on the record, and an upheld report is corrected with a dated notice on this page.

Open the report form

What kind of report is this?

A report without evidence is still logged, and closed as “no evidence lodged”.

We use your name and email only to acknowledge and answer this report. They are kept with the dispute record, are not shared, and are not published unless you tick the box above. The evidence you send may be published. See the Privacy Policy.

The typeset edition of this monograph, set for print with the plates and chromatograms at full size, is $20 AUD in Publications.